Antibiotics and Their Types, Uses and Side Effects

Class Action - Antibiotics and Their Types, Uses and Side Effects

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An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganisms (i.e. Bugs or germs such as bacteria and fungi). The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a primary breakthrough for medical science.

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Antibiotics are among the most often prescribed medications in contemporary medicine.
Some antibiotics are 'bactericidal', meaning that they work by killing bacteria. Other antibiotics are 'bacteriostatic', meaning that they work by stopping bacteria multiplying.

Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways. For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacterium's quality to turn glucose into energy, or its quality to invent its cell wall. When this happens, the bacterium dies instead of reproducing.

Some antibiotics can be used to treat a wide range of infections and are known as 'broad-spectrum' antibiotics. Others are only efficient against a few types of bacteria and are called 'narrow-spectrum' antibiotics.

Side effects of antibiotics

Antibiotics can surely save lives and are efficient in treating illnesses caused by bacterial infections. However, like all drugs, they have the possible to cause unwanted side effects. Many of these side effects are not dangerous, although they can make life miserable while the drug is being taken.

In general, antibiotics rarely cause serious side effects. The most common side effects from antibiotics are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Fungal infections of the mouth, digestive tract and vagina can also occur with antibiotics because they destroy the protective 'good' bacteria in the body (which help prevent overgrowth of any one organism), as well as the 'bad' ones, responsible for the infection being treated.

Some people are allergic to antibiotics, particularly penicillins. Allergic reactions cause swelling of the face, itching and a skin rash and, in severe cases, breathing difficulties. Allergic reactions need prompt treatment.

Types of antibiotics

There are many different kinds of antibiotics. The type of antibiotics you take depends on the type of infection you have and what kind of antibiotics are known to be effective.

The main classes of antibiotics:
Aminoglycosides Cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Macrolides Penicillins Tetracyclines
Macrolides

There are a join of new relatives of erythromycin (azithromycin and clarithromycin) that work the same way, but kill more bugs and have slightly fewer side effects. The erythromycin-like antibiotics are also known as macrolides. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Macrolide antibiotics are used to treat respiratory tract infections, genital, gastrointestinal tract, soft tissue infections caused by susceptible strains of definite bacteria.

Macrolides bind with ribosomes from susceptible bacteria to prevent protein production. This operation is in general bacteriostatic, but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations.

Macrolides cause very miniature allergy problems compared to the penicillins and cephalosporins, the biggest concern with these medicines is that they can irritate the stomach.

The most commonly-prescribed macrolides:
erythromycin clarithromycin azithromycin roxithromycin
Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides may be used along with penicillins or cephalosporins to give a two-pronged charge on the bacteria. Aminoglycosides work quite well, but bacteria can become defiant to them. Since aminoglycosides are broken down surely in the stomach, they can't be given by mouth and must be injected. When injected, their side effects include possible damage to the ears and to the kidneys. This can be minimized by checking the number of the drug in the blood and adjusting the dose so that there is enough drug to kill bacteria but not too much of it. Generally, aminoglycosides are given for short time periods.

The aminoglycosides are drugs which stop bacteria from development proteins. This corollary is bactericidal.

The most commonly-prescribed aminoglycosides:
amikacin gentamicin kanamycin neomycin streptomycin tobramycin
Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Cephalosporins are categorized chronically, and are therefore divided into first, second, and third generations. Currently, three generations of cephalosporins are recognized and a fourth has been proposed. Each newer generation of cephalosporins has greater gram negative antimicrobial properties than the preceding generation. The later-generation cephalosporins have greater corollary against defiant bacteria.

Cephalosporins are used to treat pneumonia, strep throat, staph infections, tonsillitis, bronchitis, otitis media, various types of skin infections, gonorrhea. Cephalosporin antibiotics are also generally used for surgical prophylaxis. Cephalosporins are closely associated to the penicillins.

Cephalosporins have a bacteriocidal corollary by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacteria cell wall.

Fluoroquinolones are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are efficient against many bacteria. Fluoroquinolones are used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis). common side effects of fluoroquinolones include in general the digestive system: mild stomach pain or upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These are regularly mild and go away over time. Fluoroquinolones should not be given while pregnancy.

Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacteria by interfering with their quality to make Dna. This operation makes it difficult for bacteria to multiply. This corollary is bacteriocidal.

The most commonly-prescribed fluoroquinolones:
ciprofloxacin gatifloxacin gemifloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin norfloxacin ofloxacin trovafloxacin
Penicillins

Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Penicillins are used to treat skin infections, dental infections, ear infections, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea. Penicillins are sometimes combined with other ingredients called beta-lactamase inhibitors, which protect the penicillin from bacterial enzymes that may destroy it before it can do its work.

Penicillins are regularly very safe. The many risk is an allergic reaction, which can be severe. people who have been allergic to cephalosporins are likely to be allergic to penicillins.

Penicillins block the construction of bacteria cell walls, causing the walls to break down, and ultimately killing the bacteria.

The most commonly-prescribed penicillins:
amoxicillin ampicillin bacampicillin oxacillin penicillin
Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines are a house of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines were discovered in the late 1940s and were highly beloved when they were first discovered. The tetracycline antibiotics have a very broad spectrum of action.

Tetracyclines are used to treat mild acne, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme Disease, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, typhus.

The most commonly-prescribed tetracyclines:
tetracycline doxycycline minocycline
Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotics are highly foremost in medicine, but unfortunately bacteria are capable of developing resistance to them. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are germs that are not killed by generally used antibiotics. When bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotics over and over, the bacteria can turn and are no longer affected by the drug.

Bacteria have number of ways how they become antibiotic-resistant. For example, they possess an internal mechanism of changing their structure so the antibiotic no longer works, they invent ways to inactivate or neutralize the antibiotic. Also bacteria can change the genes coding for antibiotic resistance in the middle of them, development it possible for bacteria never exposed to an antibiotic to regain resistance from those which have. The problem of antibiotic resistance is worsened when antibiotics are used to treat disorders in which they have no efficacy (e.g. Antibiotics are not efficient against infections caused by viruses), and when they are used widely as prophylaxis rather than treatment.

Resistance to antibiotics poses a serious and growing problem, because some infectious diseases are becoming more difficult to treat. defiant bacteria do not acknowledge to the antibiotics and continue to cause infection. Some of these defiant bacteria can be treated with more qualified medicines, but there some infections that are difficult to cure even with new or experimental drugs.

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